Effects of Mongol Rule

The Mongolianians ruled China and Russia, yet the egress of their rule in China and Russia, while in some slipway similar, was quite distinct, politic exclusivelyy and economically. Genghis Khan, born in the 1770s, was elected khagan (a title of majestic rank) of all Mongol tribes in 1206. Kubilai Khan, Genghis Khans grandson, was the commander of the Mongol forces responsible for the conquest of China he became khagan in 1260. Kubilai Khan founded the kwai Dynasty. Batu, the ruler of the Golden Horde of the dynasty, another grandson of Genghis Khan, was responsible for the invasion of Russia first base in 1236.The Mongol rule over China was overbearing, while the Mongol rule over Russia was to a greater extent disengaged. The political impact of he Mongols was nether the rule of Kubilai Khan. They captured China and established the Yuan Dynasty in 1234. The Mongols controlled the Chinese world south of Mongolia. They established direct control over Mongolia, and ruled with a bureaucracy. There was no scholar gentry, no civil service exam, and Confucianism was not used. The Chinese were also not allowed in the government.They also had their hands on the social and cultural policies of China. The Mongol conquest of Russia reduced the Russian princes to tribute-payers. Payments dangle heavily on the peasants, who found themselves reduced to serfdom. Until the mid- nineteenth century, serfdom was common of Russian agricultural labor. Some Russian cities, such as capital of the Russian Federation, healed their fortunes by the increased work the Mongol empire permitted. After 1328, Moscow also profited by serving as the tribute collector for the Mongol overlords.The head of the Orthodox Church in Russia selected Moscow as his capital. In 1380, the princes of Moscow turned against the Mongols and led an alliance of Russian forces that defeated the Mongols at the battle of Kulikova. The victory broke the hold of the Mongols on Russia, although the nomads c ontinued to accomplish raids into the fifteenth century. The Mongol conquest of Russia ensured the central position of Moscow and the Orthodox Church, led to changes in Russian military organization, and revised the political concepts of Russian rulers.The period of Mongol dominance also cut Russia saturnine from westward Europe both politically and culturally. The conquest of the Muslim heartlands of the Middle tocopherol fell to Hulegu, another grandson of Chinggis Khan. In 1258, the Mongols captured and unloaded Baghdad, killing the last of the Abbasid caliphs. The Mongol invasion and the consequent destruction of many cities destroyed the focal points of Muslim culture. Without a central administration, the regional Muslim commanders suffered repeated defeats. Only in 1260 did the Mamluk phalanx of Egypt defeat the Mongols at Ain Jalut.Baibars, the Mamluk general, was able to hold off further Mongol invasions. Lack of unity among the Mongol hordes also caused Hulegu to en ding his assault on Islamic territories. Economically, the Mongols helped China much more than they did politically. Although mainland China paid a heavy tribute tax to Mongolia, Mongolia renewed mickle for China, providing them with long distance trade routes and connections with other civilizations. Their exports included porcelain, silk, teas, textiles, medicine, and luxury items of all sorts.The Mongols rebuilt the Silk Road, a main trade route which the Mongols partially protected. Of course though, vocation brought diseases, such as the black plague, which affected population severely. The Mongols stimulated the expression of Chinese infrastructure and built new cities such as Xanadu. In essence, although Mongolia had its hand deep into China, they caused Chinas prosperity. Mongols did not only destroy the China, but they also helped it prosper and become united under different structure.Tatar influence on Muscovite administrative and military affairs, was on the basis of the Mongol patterns that the grand ducal system of taxation and army organization was developed in Muscovy in the late fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. For more than 50 years the khans of the Golden Horde exercised full and direct top executive over taxation and conscription in east Russia. When the Russia princes recovered position over them, they continued the Mongol systems The division of the Muscovite army into cinque large units resembled Mongol practice.The Russians adopted the Tatars tactics of envelopment andtheir system of general conscription. The economic results of the Mongol conquest were mixed. Devastated major cities, especially Kiev deep in thought(p) their importance for centuries. Mongol conscription of craftsmen almost exhausted Russia reservoir of adept manpower industry was crippled. Mongol regional governors and khans, however, encouraged the development of Rus trade with both east and west.