Lecture Notes

Scientific Investigation of mental processes and carriage and how they Lancaster uses tools and research methods to read mental processes & behaviour Has a biological boundary (changing nature of bole impacts way we be adopt and who we be) and a cultural boundary (culture shapes human behavior) psychology is about chthonianstanding a persons biological make-up, their psychological experience and run for and cultural background Brief History Psychology has stemmed from philosophic roots and philosophical questions (1)Free will or de stipulationinism Do sight freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do mental and psychical elements interact?Germany was center of psychological research and takeing In the betimes stages (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm Wound 1832- 1920) father of experimental psychology Focus on elements and introspection of consciousness experience ( herald of stimulus) 1879 Wilhelm Wound est ablished the first ever so laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wounds focus on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focus n structure of consciousness rather believe why (behavior)Strong emphasis on function on mental processes in adapting to the environment Gestalt psychology the whole Is bigger than the elements that form the whole scholarship and creating meaning as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama perspective Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) non every(prenominal)thing we think, feel and remember we are aware of (unconscious), some aspects of hidden events from us causing anxiety (mental processes in conflict) Dynamic Interplay between consciousness and torpor Past events become part of unconsciousness (find them, relive and talk through and through) spill NotesRevenge Deterrence Get rid of them, ram them of the streets Retribution expert desserts arbitrator, proportionate The penalization must fit the offense It must be proportionate Contravention of social order requires pay back to society or volt Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent prospective offence Hedonistic calculus If the pleasure out ways the nuisance deterrence is ineffective General Deterrence, and Specific You see a comrade commit a iniquity and you dont deficiency to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These contend to be close together In order for deterrence to be affective realty Is he most important if you are certain you are going to get caught, you wont do it. Does deterrence hold out?Sometimes it does wear out-up the ghost (they get out, and they dont want to go back) and sometimes it doesnt work (people sometimes bargain with the judge to get put into Jail longer, or they go back to evil) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In the sense of freedom we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking i t away is tough on a dispense of people Im prison housement, deprivation of liberty Re head for the hills problem elements from society Rehabilitation Address underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, not horror Assumes transformation potential of rehabilitation within a punitive context The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you can rehabilitate soul in a prison setting where you got people in an vehement setting etcetera ND it becomes a lot more intriguing Justice Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed Less focus on solving problems of crime Belief that vindictive punishment is most appropriate response to crime Trend in US ND Canada toward punitive approaches New incubation From mid-sasss Claim of global trend toward harsher CA sanctions More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have tot whollyy gotten rid of biotic community sanctions and probation Increase use of prison, more crimes result in prison, increase prison lengths, mandatory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For sensual exertion in Arizona they make their inmates wear pink suits Zero permissiveness strategiesZero tolerance means they have to report everything even if its a draw fight Three strikes legislation If you do cardinal serious offences on the third serious offence you get a life fate Use of capital punishment It does not have an effect on crime range In Canada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime place In states for the first two weeks it would go down and then it would go right back to where it was acetous CSS policies are response to increasing public disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moralistic framework Leap backward, shift away from restraint Stretching the l imits of punishment Tough Justice War on Drugs in 1971 Drug offences is what is drive the crime place in the U. S out the roof break down is utilise by the dismount class people Cocaine is used by the middle and upper class The legal philosophy are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is filled with the nonage people, such as blacks and Latinists Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon prison used to target race Relationship between Get Tough and abomination Rates Little kin between crime and internment rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you want but it will not put a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Greater inequality = higher incarceration rates Inefficient move away from pensiveness typeface Texas vs California Texas spent a lot of money on offences, which in turn had zero effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada youth incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you cant put children under the age of 12 in Jail.Criminal Responsibility Category Age Children under(a) 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full sub judice Legal Classification of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing Punishment compact Provincial judicature Judge $2000 both Indictable (Felony U. S term both mean the same thing) Less serious provincial court Judge Most serious provincial superior court by federally appointed Judge All others Judge without Jury Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or indictable Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas Representations of Crime Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology get word of hold upledge What do we know about crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations?Common Sou rces currents show Word of mouth Problems with Understanding Crime Hidden Subject of interrogative sentence is deliberately Insight Criminals have little insight into the broader nature of their behavior What does one murderer know about another Cost entranceway in costly, time consuming and partial Scope Much crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens honor crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being Fear Can resolve it on your own practice of law might/wont do anything about it May not think its a crime/dont define it as a crime passageway youth, they dont trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you wont report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police Natio nal statistics about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an accurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The dark figure out of crime Self-Report Surveys Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples attitude etc Who commits the most crime Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) banner attitudes and prevalence of offending (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report predict that a large number of crimes are not reported Example Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, property damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects stack dont want to be alone at night Lock the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectiveness Increase understanding and trust between police an d immunity leaders Empower and strengthen community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive prevention strategies Decentralized operations and management Develop new skills in police Racial and Criminal Profiling Racial Criminal each action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on instruction about suspected activity by someone who tests the description of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? Based on stereotypical assumptions because of ones race, color, ethnicity, etc. Evidence of disproportionate stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport Good police work or self-fulfilling prophecy suspiciousness, suspicion Visibility, definition If you are a young black manlike with an education you are more likely to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are innate(predicate) hard working people who want to serve Justice to the world-wide public. **