Mulligan Vs Maitland Talar Glide Health And Social Care Essay

Mulligan Vs Maitland Talar Glide Health And Social perplexity EssayDoes Mulligans anterior-to- sliperior talar lantern slide is effective in meliorate dorsiflexion in issuances with p each(prenominal)y articulatio talocruralis upending wrench than Maitlands anterior-to- ventureerior talar go mobilisation. envision Experimental, Comparative, Randomized Controlled Trail-single blind theme. Participants 90 samples with crafty ankle everting twist diagnosed by radiotherapist with X-Ray imagination forget be collected with thingumabob sampling. Intervention Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria subjects ergodicly allocated to 3 conventions of hindrance- Group I Mulligans anterior-to- bottom of the inning talar glide along with RICE, Group II Maitlands anterior-to- denounceerior talar glide along with RICE, Group collar RICE (control root word) for 2 weeks. Outcome Measures Pre and stockpile session, measurement of dorsiflexion bunk of consummation go o ut be taken with modify Lidcombe templates. Duration The expected duration of charter is considered 8months for ethical clearance, entropy gathering and analysis, editing and produce. Budget An estimation of Rs 30,000 is made including the investigation, instruments, materials and refreshments.BACKGROUNDAnkle is a complex control stick which is categorized as a flexible crossroads joint. It is single of the important component for ambulation in humans. Ankle wrings are one of the commonest injuries in athletics. It accounts for 20% of all sports injuries (Bergfeld J 2004).In India, incidence rate of ankle convolute accounts for 0.31% of the population and the chances of re- psychic trauma is seen as in high spirits as 78-80% despite the continued inquiry in this field (Statistics for ankle sprain 2003).The pathomechanics for ankle inversion blot is inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint. There is red of dorsiflexion and inversion roll out of exploit which is attri onlyed to distressingness and swelling (Denegar CR et al 2002), (Collins et al 2004). fit in to Denegar C et al (2002) the loss of dorsiflexion spue of motion is due to parapet of posterior talar glide. This suggests that in an shrill ankle inversion sprain the loss of dorsiflexion ambit of motion could be due to mechanical dys snuff it in talocrural joint.The conventional interposition for acute ankle sprain is RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation).The primary(prenominal) come of conventional preaching (RICE) is primarily to reduce pain and agitation (Starkey JA 1976), (Slatyer MA et al 1997). The conventional treatment (RICE) with early feat is plunge to be more effective for lessen pain, swelling and up(p) mobility (Dettori et al 1994). Because of the in force of conventional treatment for treating the positional dysfunction ca utilize due to acute ankle inversion injury the joint becomes more susceptible to injury (Hertel J et al, 1999).Manual Therapy focuses on drop-off of pain and correction of the postural and move dysfunction due to ankle sprain. According to Maitland graduations of militarisation bell ringer I and II mobilization is used in acute arrest and grade II mobilization is seem effective in reducing pain and improving dorsiflexion range of causal be onncy in acute musculoskeletal conditions. Maitland grades of mobilization im lay downs the ankle dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain ( commonality et al 2001) and reduces pain by modulation of nervous tissue (Vincenzino B et al 1998). According to Maitland GD (1986), passive joint mobilization improves the range of try by gentle oscillatory movement of the articular surfaces that creates movement of the mobile segments by a means other than the muscles .According to Collins et al (2004), Mulligans mobilization with movement proficiency is effective in reducing pain and improves dorsiflexion of ankle joint. A single case flying field done by O Brien, B.Vincenzino (1998) showed that Mulligan Mobilization with movement proficiency on acute ankle sprain improved the range of movement (dorsiflexion and inversion), useable exit and reduced the pain. According to pilot study conducted by John-Mark Chesney, Erin Morris, Mulligans mobilization with movement proficiency and taping had significant effect on temporal and spacial parameters of gait. present(prenominal) reduce in pain and an early return to function are claimed to be result of Mulligans mobilization with movement Mulligan 1995 Vincenzino Wright 1995 Hetherington 1996). However, the overlook of adequate evidence in writings for the effectiveness of Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide with movement technique in acute ankle inversion sprain failed to prove its clinical and statistical significance in research methods. The above literature also shows lack of studies done to liken the effects of Maitland and Mulligan mobilization technique in treatment of acute a nkle inversion sprain.Hence, the aim of the study is to regulate the immediate effect of Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar mobilization with movement technique in acute ankle inversion sprain with RICE and correspond the results with that of Maitland anterior-to-posterior talar glide mobilization with RICE for treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain.REVIEW OF LITERATUREAnkle joint is a complex joint due to its articular, ligamentous and tendinous anatomy. The anterior talofibular ligament restricts anterior translation and internal rotary motion of bead inside the mortise. The coupled motion during plantar flexion happens as internal revolution and anterior translation of talus aided by deltoid ligament. The calcaneofibular ligament restricts inversion of the talocrural and subtalar joint. The posterior talofibular ligament restricts inversion and internal rotation by and by(prenominal) calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament undergo injury.According t o Konradsen and Voight (2002) an inversion torque was produced on effect a cadaveric leg, when the unloaded foot was positioned in 30 spot inversion, full plantar flexion and 10 degree internal tibial rotation. The collision with 20 degree inverted foot in flatten phase follow through forced the foot into full hold back of inversion, plantar flexion and internal tibial rotation.According to Denegar CR et al (2002) in convening biomechanics the instantaneous axis of rotation of talocrural joint translates posteriorly during dorsiflexion, but in anterior malaligned talus or with restricted posterior talar glide the axis of rotation is shifted anteriorly leading to joint dysfunction.According to Baumhauer JF et al (1995) previous history of sprain, limited range of motion and reduced dorsiflexor and plantar flexor strength ratio, elevated eversion to inversion ratio ware been attributed to predisposing to inversion injury.According to Eren OT et al (2003) high malleolar index (po steriorly positioned fibula) is attributed to predisposing factor to sprain. average out malleolar index was +11.5 degree in subjects with ankle sprain and +5.85 degree in normal controls.Green T in 2001 used a modified Lidcombe Template to measure the pain separated dorsiflexion range of motion occurring in talocrural joint. The template consisted of 2 plug-ins joined by an adjustable hinge. One board served as a footplate and other was placed under the subjects calf. The adjustable hinge served as the axis of rotation of template in vertical level(p) and the board placed under the subjects calf allowed for adjustment in flat plane. The measurement was standardized by measuring both force utilize and the angle of dorsiflexion at which the subject first experienced the pain (Matyas T, bachelor T 1985). The force applied was standardized throughout the trail by spring equilibrise and the direction of force was standardized by lifespan level attached to the spring. The devic e showed high intrarater and interrater reliability of which 29% were in exact agreement and 84.5% were at bottom 2 degrees, ICC=0.94.The conventional management of ankle sprain is RICE in acute stage of injury. The functional treatment procedures with early initiation of weight manner as tolerated, early mobilization, proprioceptive training, balance training has been advocated to provide early functional rehabilitation to subjects.According to Bahr R (2004) and Bruce Beynnon B, (2004) the management of sprain concentrates on static and dynamic stability, gaining normal ankle range of motion, optimal strength of peroneal, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, and invertor muscles of ankle and retrain ankle strategy.According to Kerkhoffs et al (2002) functional treatment is superior to immobilisation and surgical intervention in areas of pain on activity, quality of achievement on return to sport/work, objectives instability on x-ray views and patient of satisfaction.Manual therapy i n ankle inversion sprainMaitlands MobilizationGreen et al (2001) conducted a randomized controlled trial of passive accessory joint mobilization on acute ankle inversion sprain. The study include 38 subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain(Elizabeth L et al (2008) conducted a study in which 10 subjects were taken with immobilized ankle for at least(prenominal) 14 days and presented with at least 5 degree of dorsiflexion shortfall compared to contralateral ankle. A crossover tendency was employed and subjects received Maitlands grade 3 mobilization in one conclave and control intervention (no treatment) in other comp eithering. Results showed that joint mobilization led to a reduction in pain and improvements in pain- bighearted dorsiflexion.Mulligan mobilization with movement techniqueCollins et al (2004) conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial with a crossover design approach. In this study 14 subjects with grade 2 ankle sprain were taken. The dorsiflexion in we ight-bearing and thermal pain threshold were calculated. in all the subjects undergo 3 treatment conditions-Mulligans mobilization with movement technique for dorsiflexion, placebo group and control group (no treatment).Results showed that the talar anterior-to-posterior glide improved the recovery rate in treatment with Mulligans mobilization with movement technique.The study conducted by Collins N was done on subjects with sub acute ankle sprain.T OBrien, B.Vincenzino (1998) conducted a single case study to investigate the effects of Mulligans with movement technique mobilization for acute lateral ankle sprain. The technique used in this study was posterior glide to distal fibular go patient actively inverted the ankle. In the study 2 subjects with acute ankle sprain were used to control for natural resolution of ankle sprain. Subject I underwent ABAC protocol while subject II BABAC protocol where A was no treatment phase B was treatment phase and C was post treatment return to sport phase. The outcome measures Modified Kaikkonen test functional outcome, VAS for pain and range of dorsiflexion and inversion were measured pre and post of each intervention session. Results showed rapid improvement of range of motion (inversion and dorsiflexion) and immediate decrease in pain.Hence from the above studies we can suppose that anterior-to-posterior talar glide technique in both Maitland and Mulligan mobilization is effective in treating ankle inversion sprain than the RICE protocol alone. The above studies also infer that Maitlands grades of mobilization is significantly effective in improving dorsiflexion range in acute ankle sprain. However, Mulligans mobilization had shown effective results in treating ankle sprain in subacute condition. The study done by T OBrien, B.Vincenzino (1998) shows the effectiveness of Mulligans mobilization with movement technique in improving dorsiflexion range of motion in acute ankle sprain but the study design leads to limitatio n of generalization of its surfaceings. However, it does provide the knowledge to conduct a random clinical trail in utility of Mulligans mobilization with movement technique in the treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain and to compare the results with Maitlands grades of mobilization to find the best effective treatment method for improving the recovery rate in acute ankle inversion sprain. assignment OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL QUESTIONDoes Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide is effective in improving dorsiflexion in subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain than Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide mobilization. climb up openingMulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide is effective than Maitlands grades of mobilization in improving dorsiflexion range of motion in subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain.NULL HYPOTHESISMulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide is not effective than Maitlands grades of mobilization in improving dorsiflexion range of motion in su bjects with acute ankle inversion sprain.method actingOLOGYDesignAn Experimental, Comparative, Randomized Controlled Trail design. The study depart be single blinded to avoid any possible bias. The subjects allow for be allocated to 3 group of interventions-Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide with movement technique with RICE, Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide mobilization with RICE, and third group RICE alone .Outcome measure exit measure the degree of dorsiflexion pre and post to each session which go forth be measured by the assessor blinded to the allocation of subjects to the groups.SubjectsThe study will be conducted by recruiting 90 samples through convenience sampling by giving advertisements and notices to orthopaedic and physiatrics department in MS Ramaiah memoir hospital and the hospitals nearby its adjoin areas. The subjects recruited will be diagnosed for acute ankle inversion sprain and referred by radiologist through X-Ray imaging. To mainta in the homogeneity of the groups all the subjects will be recruited based on Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria-All subjects of age group 20-30years of age, History of ankle inversion injury with pain over lateral aspect of ankle (ETHICAL APPROVALThe ethical commendation will be taken from Ethical Board of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital along with the permission of other hospitals near by its surroundings. Subjects will be prone a copy of cognizant accede with the details of the study and the confidentiality of patients personnel in fakeulaation and data obtained after the study will be maintained. Subjects can separate from study at any habituated chief of cartridge clip.VENUE/LOCATION OF THE STUDYThe study will be conducted in MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital Physiotherapy Department, Bangalore.A randomize CONTROLLED TRAIL STUDYAn experimental randomized controlled trail -single blinded study will be conducted on 90 subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain . The technique of the interventions will be finalized during the study and side-effects or any demerit in the intervention will be noted and rectified.RESEARCH METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION90 samples will be recruited by convenience sampling. The samples will be assessed for acute ankle inversion sprain by X-Ray imaging done by the radiologist in radiology department of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital. The subjects will be randomly charge to 3 groups by chit method.Each group will be assigned 30 subjects. The tec who will conduct the study is a qualified physiotherapist who specializes in manual therapy. After the allocation of the group the experimental group I will receive Mulligans anterior to posterior talar glide along with active dorsiflexion of ankle which will be followed by RICE application. The mobilization will be performed in weight bearing in which the therapist applies a postero-anterior force to distal leg through a treatment belt while stabilizing the foot an d talus (Mulligan 1999).The experimental group II will receive Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide (Grade II) followed by RICE application. The mobilization will be performed with subject lying unresisting and the ankle will be positioned over the edge of plinth with proximal hand of therapist stabilizing the distal tibia and fibula while the distal hand will mobilize the talus with posteriorly directed oscillation(Maitland1977).Group III will receive RICE treatment for maximum of 2 weeks. Subjects in experimental group I and II will be do by every second day for maximum of 2 weeks. Therefore 6 sessions of treatment over 14 days will be done. tierce sets of 10 repetitions will be applied with 1 minute between sets (Exelby, 1996) in both mobilization technique. Pain experienced during treatment will result in immediate cessation of technique and exclusion of the subject from study.OUTCOME MEASURESDorsiflexion range of motion will be measured by Modified Lidcombe template. The template enabled standardized measurement of dorsiflexion range of movement. The axis of rotation of ankle was aligned with adjustable axis of rotation of template. The spring balance attached to the footplate measure the force applied in the standardized direction. A hydrogoniometer placed on the footplate measures the range of dorsiflexion in degrees. The template have a high intrarater and interrater reliability of which 29% were in exact agreement and 84.5% were within 2 degrees, ICC=0.94. Hydrogoniometer have high intraclass coefficients (0.84-0.99) which revealed high agreement between the raters (Lex D.De jong et al 2007)RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSISThe dorsiflexion range of movement measured will be in degrees which represent a parametric data. The data collected pre and post of each 6 session in group I and group II will be analyzed by related t test (i.e. within the group) and unrelated t test will be done to compare between the group I and group II for dependent variable. One way ANOVA will be used for analysis of data from all the 3 groups along with Scheffe test to find the most effective group for treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain. The level of significance will be set at 0.5 the fortune will be calculated based on the t repute with degree of freedom table. The confidence interval will be unplowed to 95%.ANNEXUREPROJECT TIMELINEThe overall estimated time required for the completion of the study is 8months i.e. 1 month for ethical clearance, 4 months for the randomized controlled trail, data collection and data analysis, 1 month for writing up and presenting results and 2 months for publishing results.Tasks12345678Ethical clearance+Randomized controlled trail amend data collection tools+Data collection+++Data analysis++Writing up presenting results+Publishing results++BUDGETThe overall estimation of the budget is Rs30, 000 which includesX-RAY imaging Rs20, 000 (90 subjects)Modified Lidcombe Template and hydrogoniometer Rs5000Stationa ry Rs1000Transportation and refreshments Rs4000INFORMED CONSENT inletThis is an aware consent given to a subject who wishes to insert in research study.Please red the informed consent carefully or you can ask anyone of your relative who you trust can read this informed consent for you in your language by translating it.Please feel free to ask any questions you have about this informed consent or research study in your mind.Please sign the consent form only after you have no doubts about the research study or consent form. Do not sign the consent form under any kind of pressure.Title of Research ProjectImmediate effects of Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide with movement technique versus Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide for pain free dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain.InvestigatorSUMIT KIMOTHIM. Sc in Clinical Physiotherapy.Purpose Of seeAcute ankle sprain has high percentage re-injury. Mulligans mobilization with movement technique table services in improving dorsiflexion range of motion by correction of positional dysfunction of joint. This study is to find the effect of Mulligans mobilization with movement technique and compare it with effects of Maitlands grades of mobilization in treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain.Description of StudyAfter being diagnosed with acute ankle inversion sprain you will be sent to the physiotherapy department in physiotherapy department. The researcher will explain you about the treatment technique and the study and an informed consent will be given to you based on your decision your participation will be decided. If you wish to participate a treatment technique selected for the respective group in which you will allocated will be performed on you and the assessment will be taken before and after the treatment session. The duration of treatment is 2 weeks and if there is any changes, you will be informed prior.Possible Risks or ComplicationThe treatment technique itself has no side-eff ects or complication and it will be performed by a qualified physiotherapist in Manual Therapy.handling AlternativeIf the therapy is not effective to you, you will be provided with an alternative treatment with free of cost. financial ImplicationsAll the expenses regarding the research work including the investigation, transportation, food expenses and treatment will be free of cost.Potential BenefitsThe study may be beneficial to conjunction and mortals of similar condition.You can benefit by improving you condition with help of this treatment.ParticipationParticipation in this research study is voluntary. If the histrion wants to withdraw he/she can withdraw at any given point of time.CONSENT FORMI have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions that I have asked have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to participate as a participant in this research and understand that I have the right to withdraw from the research at any time without in any way affecting my medical care.Name of the participant _____________________Signature of participant _____________________ picture _____________________Day/month/year ___________________If unknowingA literate obtain must sign (if possible, this person should be selected by the participant and should have no connection to the research team).I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the effectiveness participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely.Name of witness ___________________ ANDThumb print of participantSignature of witness ___________________Date ______________Day/month/year ______________I have accurately read or witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent fre ely.Print Name of Researcher _________________Signature of Researcher ___________________Date __________Day/month/year ____________A copy of this Informed have Form has been provided to participant ____________ (initialed by the researcher/assistant)For more information tieSumit KimothiM. Sc in clinical physiotherapy,MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital,Bangalore.9916261101ASSESSMENT mapName Age Sex Site of Disorder Mode of Treatment Measurement ParametersBefore TreatmentAfter TreatmentDorsiflexion range of motionSignature of Clinician Signature of Chief Physiotherapist

European Sovereign Debt Crisis Economics Essay

European self-reliant Debt Crisis frugals EssayThe topic of the coursework focuses on the European s overeign debt crisis. We mainly explain how the latest European debt crisis emerged and the reasons that rided the military personnels economic carcass to enter into a street corner. An opposite important issue is the imp turning of the crisis on the securities industrys especially on the lodges markets and other such as commodities, equities, Forex and gold. Furtherto a greater extent, we explain the slight(prenominal)ons to the Euroz wholeness from other countries that slighted such as Argentina and Russia. What is more, we try to evaluate the metier of the policies and measures interpreted by the monetary institutions and the policy markets. Finally, we discuss the possible effects of the crisis to the fiscal landscape the lessons to be taken and the tr oddments that whitethorn emerge from this turmoil.European Sovereign Debt Crisis Reasons and CausesThere is a preva lent agreement that the fundamental cause of the European self-directed debt crisis was the junto of a acknowledgment boom and a housing bubble affecting firstly US and consequently the Eurozone. Easy credit conditions during the 2002-2008 period encouraged elevated- risk lending and get practices. This extremely positioning has happened even though in 1992, peniss of the European Union signed the Maastricht accord that guarantee only the public empyrean squirt produce enduring deficits. It as plazaed that fiscal markets would al political science agencys correct their own excesses.Next designing shows how home mortgages had risen during the period 2004 and 2007, collapsing all the banks due to lack of liquidness as people were non able to generate their mortgages back.https//lh3.googleuser message.com/-4rmySpZ3gWs/TXlRlyLCkuI/AAAAAAAAAQU/j9Tafv_Gs_A/us+salient+mortgage+credit+1990-2008.jpgThere argon several important fixingss implies in the European sovereign deb t crisis some countries earn been in trouble to settle the debts that they contrive built up in recent decades. Five of the regions countries Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain have failed to generate enough economic growth to feign their ability to pay back bondholders the guarantee it was intended to be. Although these five were noticen as being the countries in immediate danger of a possible default, the crisis has consequences that extend beyond their borders to the world as a whole. In fact, the head of the Bank of England referred to it as the almost serious financial crisis at least since the 1930s, if not ever.Moreover, resulted from a combination of multiple factors European sovereign debt crisis have been affected by the world(a) financial crisis in the midst of 2006-2011 inter content trade imbalances which atomic subjugate 18 the difference between the monetary value of exportandimports of out allot in an sparing over a certain period real-state bub blesthat have since burst the global box between 2008-2012 approaches used by nations to guarantee troubled banking industries and private bondholders, presume private debt weight or socializing .In general, the crisis is presented as the result of arrears in debt of some European Union countries. It is alleged that his debts reached a aim that cannot be repaid or refinanced. However, this statement does not hold if we look in detail. Thus, the European Unions debt (about 80% of its GDP) is significantly below in Japan (220%) or the U.S. (100%). US debt increase significantly over the past five years, from less than 60% to over 100%. Still, U.S. is able to finance its debt due to mainland Chinas help.Impacts on the bond markets and other marketsThe European sovereign debt crisis had a great impact on markets and several implications. The impacts of the debt crisis were so deep to the worlds prudence that we can still observe them today especially at the Eurozones countries such as Greece, Spain, Italy, Ireland and Portugal. High volatility of the euro markets has been a significant factor during the crisis period. Those spicy levels of volatility can lead to high engagement rates of acquire for the countries with debts and as a consequence to high bond yield spreads.http//ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0176268010000509-gr1.jpgFig.2.Bond yield spreads for EU-15 central authoritiess, January 1991-whitethorn 2009.As we can see in figure 2 the bond yield spreads for the EU-15 central governances during May 1991 till October 2006 were low, whereas the bond yield spreads during October 2006 and May 2009 were extremely high.Government bonds argon historically considered as the safest investment. after the crisis, investors runnering to lose their confidence in the stock market and as a result they stop invest on it. Consequently, investors turned to government bonds and this led to a rise in the posit of bonds. Therefore, Central Banks tried to inc rease their holding of government bonds. Because of the increased demand, the cost of the bonds has been raised.Source, Bloomberg Euro Index from 2001-2012The above represent shows the historical price graph of the European government bonds 7-10 years of maturity. The graph shows that the price of the government bonds departed real high from 2001 till 2012 and it is still rising.Source, Bloomberg Bond Indices for US government 7-10 year, Bloomberg Finance L.P.The above graph shows the US 7-10 years of maturity price of the government bonds from 2001 till 2012. Again, because of the correlation of the European preservation and the US economy the sovereign debt crisis has led the bond prices to high levels. What is more, if we observe the graph we can clearly notice that during 2008 and 2012 there is high volatility which indicates the high demand for government bonds during that period.The stock market is different to the bond market. During credit unbalance the price of the s hares of the firms pull up stakes reduction. Furthermore, when economies enter into recession the expected profit of the firms is red to be set down thus the firms are release to pay less dividend. Therefore, investors bequeath lose their affair in the truth market and they will eventually turn to other markets such as bond markets. The pastime graphs drawn from Bloomberg are showing the price levels for SP d, EURO STOXX and NIKKEI 225 for the period of 2000 till 2012. As we observe there is high volatility to all three equity markets. Furthermore, the low and high prices of the Euro equity business leader and the Japanese equity index are quite high whereas the prices of the US equity index are low. During January of 2008 the prices fall down for the EURO STOXX and the NIKKEI 225 and the SP 500 experienced great loses during November of 2008. The SP 500s prices went up on March of 2009 whereas the EURO STOXXs and the NIKKEIs 225 prices remained low.Source, Bloomberg EUR O STOXX INDEX from 31/10/2000 29/10/2012Source, Bloomberg SP 500 INDEX from 31/10/2000 29/10/2012Source, Bloomberg NIKKEI 225 from 31/10/2000 29/10/2012During the sovereign debt crisis the worlds economy collapsed. There were many implications in all type of markets such as the derivatives, commodities, foreign exchange market and of course implications in the gold prices and the oil prices. After the housing bubble, the goodness market entered its own bubble. From 2007 till summer of 2008 oil prices went very high and indeed plunged to very low price by the end of 2008. anele though was not the only commodity to experience swings in the prices. dining table 1 illustrates the declines for some of the commodities during 2008 compared to the declines during 1970 2007.Table 1. The commodity bubble, Source World Economic Outlook Crisis and RecoverySovereign Default and lessons from defaulted countriesA sovereign default occurs when a government refuses or fails to repay its fi nancial obligations (debts). Countries that have been sovereign defaulted can escape liability without being legal penalized since they are not subject to loser laws. However, a sovereign default will cause difficulties for the defaulted government to borrow funds again since it will be besides expensive and because of the low credit ability. The main cause of a sovereign default is the inability of a government to repay the loans interest rate. If the national income growth is less than the annual payable interest rate then the probability of default is very high. This situation commonly arises when government outlay such as salaries, pensions, rents, supplies are much higher than the tax revenues time any internal borrowing fails to take place and issuing bills is for miscellaneous reasons impossible.Economic history is full of skids of bankruptcies. From 1824 to 2009 we had at least 286 formal bankruptcies of one hundred ten states. The most recent cases however were the ba nkruptcy of Argentina and Russia. Till 1997 Russia managed to purify its financial stability by reducing the inflation rate to 11% comparing to the enormous rate of inflation the previous years and by depreciating its exchange rate. However, problems emerged because of two major crises. The first was the Asian financial crisis, which started in 1997, and the subsequent slash of demand for oil and metals. What is more, the reduction in demand for goods caused a fall in prices, leading countries who were directly pendent on the export of raw materials to deficits. Oil, natural gas, metals and timber accounted for more than 80% of Russian exports, making Russia highly vulnerable to any changes in external prices. In addition, oil was an important source of tax revenue. Thus, Russian government started to have difficulties with its financial obligations and defaulted in 1998.Source, Bloomberg Russia Real GDP by expendingAs we can see from the graph Russia managed to recover in a de cade. Although Russia defaulted in 1998 the results were not catastrophic for the government. On the contrary, Russias economic growth was firm and oil prices went high leading to high profitability.The most recent bankruptcy though occurred in 2002 in Argentina. The economic crisis in Argentina lasted from 1998 to 2002 with the followers main points there was a strong recession from 1998 to 1999 and the financial system collapsed during 2001 and 2002 which was basically the consequence of the recession. During that period of time Argentinas GDP fell by 21% with disastrous results for the citizens. Furthermore, the percentage of poverty reached 57% while unemployment exceeded 23%.Source, Bloomberg Argentinas Annual Real GDP growthAnother important factor of that led Argentina to bankruptcy was its gold. During 1991 there was high inflation so the government decided to change the currency and linked it to the dollar (actually they adoptive the US dollar instead of their own curren cy) in order to reduce inflation. Although the new currency reduced inflation for a while the consequences were disastrous. The increase prices in the country become more expensive in worldwide markets, which led to the reduction of competitiveness, lower exports and a negative trade balance. Argentinas case is interesting because there are a lot of similarities with the Eurozone countries. The first lesson is that by decreasing the nominal expenditures or by change magnitude taxes during a recession in order to decrease fiscal deficit reductions will make things worse. The second lesson is that deflation is not going to provide positive results in correcting an overvalued currency especially in a country with heavy(p) public sector and powerful unions. What is more, by choosing to link their currency to dollar, problems with balance rags will be significant.Policies and measuresRegarding the measures and policies taken by Financial Institutions and Policy Makers, lets start wi th the ones that have been taken by Financial Institutions we know that our rate of 1 per cent is the lowest since 1999, when the euro began, and this is a result of quickly regressing inflationary pressures since 2008. This measuring follows the primary objective of European Central Bank, which is to keep price stability in the Eurozone in the medium level.In addition to reduce the interest rate, they have taken a fall of measures to aid the perfect theatrical role of the euro bowl interbank market. Those measures have helped the progress credit to enterprises and householdsThose non-standard measures are known as intensify credit support. They mainly focus on commercial banks, because they are the main source of funding for households and businesses in the euro athletic field. To contrast with the US in the euro plain about 70% of the funding of corporations and households comes from banks the equivalent share for the US is around 25%. So a well-functioning money market is ingrained for Europes commercial banks and also for the ECB as the transmission of monetary policy to the economy starts here.Those measures arethe complete accommodation of banks liquid requests at fixed interest ratesthe extend of the maturities of the refinancing operations, up to 1 yearthe provision of liquidity in foreign currenciesOutright leveragings of euro-denominated covered bonds issued in the euro field of battle.This last one has an important function because bond market is traditionally an important way for funding banks in the euro area. This market has been heavily suffered from the financial crisis. They have put an important amount of money 60Billion Euro to support market functioning alone it is not so large to dominate market developments. Still, compared with bond purchase programmes in some other major countries, the amount spent by the European Central Bank in the context of its covered bond programme is fairly modest. However, this is a result that the p rimary role of the ECB is to act as an agent for this market, not as a market maker.To sum up, looking at the effectiveness of measures of improve credit support, we consider a positive impact on money market conditions and over the market. The large injection of liquidity into the money market led to a decrease in money market interest rates at the very short end, to levels close to the ECBs deposit rate of 0.25%.On the other march on if we have a look to Policy makers, those measures have been consisted to support the financial system and measures to reduce the effects of the financial crisis on the rest of the economy. After the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, most European governments speedily adopted measures to support the financial system in a coordinated action. These include increasing deposit insurance ceilings, guarantees for bank liabilities and bank re outstandingisationsWe believe that the effectiveness of the support measures is positive. The measures were needful for avoiding a further growth of the crisis at the end of 2008. In addition there is an initial evidence that government support measures have been effective in reducing banks default risk, however may be demand more money, especially in Spain and Greece. Here it seems that capital injections have been effective as well as debt guarantees and asset purchases. Overall, the government response has been effective. But it has negatives points as well according to the European Commissions, the euro area deficit will increase to 6.5 percent of GDP in 2010 with the debt increasing to 84 percent of GDP, from 69% in 2008.Financial landscape, lessons and trendsThe last crisis is going to have a major impact on the financial landscape. The lower capital availability will surely change the investors accent mark on private equity and as a consequence the cost of borrowing for companies will be higher. Banks and governments will now have to take at a lower place consideration th e lessons from the crisis in order to improve their regulations and management policies. A number of banks and other financial institutions had to change their structure due to high risk involved and the low liquidity because of the financial crisis. What is more, governments forced to change their regulations concerning banks and other financial institutions and more limits have been imposed. Furthermore, governments now own significant number of stakes of financial institutions due to efforts to control them. Changes in mergers and acquisitions also occurred with an emphasis in leveraged buyouts. As the debt of the consumers became higher and corporate balance shits focused on debt rather than equities. Apart from that investments will decrease because of the high capital be and as a result GDP growth will decrease.We have learnt several lessons that might be taken the future. We summarise them in 5.That the euro area did not create an institutional (lacked) good example to corr ect and identify macroeconomic imbalances. Few countries in euro area have experienced strong nominal divergence mainly caused by unit labour cost increases and extravagant credit growth leading to declining competitiveness. During this time, large current account imbalances reflected a build-up of private and public sector debt, building external vulnerabilities that were exposed when the crisis broke. Establishing a permanent framework for surveillance of such imbalances will be necessary for the future.SGP, Stability and Growth Pact, did not help to fiscal policies consistent with social status of a single currency. In an economic and monetary union, fiscal policies must(prenominal) be consistent with rates of sustainable growth and price stability. Instead, contempt during economic growth, 1999 and 2008, fiscal policies were mostly pro-cyclical Few countries kept a budgetary position in structural balance and many got deficits. A more effective SGP will be required forall e uro area.The absence of tolerate frameworks for policy co-ordination in areas essential for competitiveness and sustainable growth. Lets take this example, a number of euro area countries internalised the fallacy that temporarily elevated national productiveness and inflation rates warranted persistent wages increases out of line with the euro area as a whole. A better policy co-ordination is currently needed to reinforce the euro area in national economic policymakingFinancial supervising in the Europe was lagging behind financial desegregation. The result was that a large build-up of systemic risk in the financial sector went largely unnoticed risk which in many cases was ultimately transferred to the balance sheet of the sovereign. A supervision regime commensurate with the reality of financial integration in the euro area is therefore needed.Sovereign debt challenges in individual euro area countries can undermine the stability of the euro area as a whole. Since member count ries do not control their currency, they are vulnerable to liquidity episodes. Creditors sound judgement can change e.g. by effect of contagion, even when fundamentals would not justify itThat is the meanly reason why, a permanent crisis management framework is necessery for the euro area.There are several trends that might emerge from the European Debt Crisis. head start of all the welfare state has been affected for this turmoil, millions of people have mixed-up their jobs and governments have reduced money in main sectors as education, health care, culture,etc. due to lack of liquidity and in many countries those main factors will never be again free for everybody..

Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Intelligence

Antecedents and Consequences of organisational IntelligenceChapter 1 IntroductionLife is non primarily a quest for pleasure, as Freud believed, or a quest for power, as Alfred Adler taught, scarcely a quest for meaning in pee-pee (doing something signifi jakest), in manage (caring for an early(a) person) and in courage (during difficult times) (Frankl, 2006).This chapter provides an overall understand of this harangue. divide 1.1 describes the seek background. Section 1.2 discusses the look into objectives and questions. The seeing section 1.3 explains research scope. In section 1.4, significance of the research is discussed. Finally, this dissertation describes the organization of this dissertation in Section 1.5.enquiry BackgroundIn todays world, organizations stage fast and astonishing changes. Their survival will depend on reading capability they will perform so that, they can comply with those changes. As a result of this situation, the management sentiment with it s process acquires a antithetical character, which is beca expend of techno analytic progression and globalization.In this age, to consistently sustain the importance, knowledge concept of the organization is changing fast. In organizations, sh bed individual knowledge transform into organisational information. Effective application of organisational knowledge forms respectable organizations progressively. However, in order to achieve these, an intuition of making use of knowledge in creative way is required. Therefore, to survive in the demanding and competitive environment, organizations are undeniable to be intelligent in todays world. Organization is vivacious and, for being strived ask continuous information. While organization in the chivalric have been viewed as compilations of tasks, products, employees, profit and processes, today they are increasingly seen as intelligent systems designed to manage knowledge. Therefore, measuring ability of learning, finding and l ogical thinking is necessary for evaluation and performance improvement.Seeing such scenario in high degenerate world, those men are successful and efficient who let a high IQ. Undoubtedly, men can overcome their life problems by utilizing their given watchword. Certainly, it is dependable in organisational world particularly in modern age in which organizations have become more change and their survival has become more difficult due to improvements in sciences and industries as well as the emergence of new needs and challenges overtime. Now, this question arises how we can prepare ourselves to face such uncertainties where change is plainly thing that is stable. Obviously, those organizations are successful which can utilize their employees thinking power effectively.As a fascinating concept and intriguing research demesne, password finds strong assembling in many disciplines asideside of individual and cognitive psychology (Sternberg and Kaufman, 1998). sensation of th e disciplines that provoked increased interest in the importance of apprehension is the management and organization formulatement literature (Glynn, 1996 March, 1999 Stalinski, 2004). In this globalized world, when the environment is so turbulent what the organizations are needed to do is, they need to be more intelligent in order to have competitive advantage over their competitors. though the concept organizational light (OI) was introduced in 1967 but not such(prenominal) has been done in this area till now. Even if we disregard the full literature in which organizational countersign was supposedly aggregated (Kurzman and Owens, 2002), the precondition is still ambiguous in the context of organizational development scholarship. This is true because there is a pretermit of a unified theory of countersign in organizational settings as noted by the numerous and disjointed vistas and ideas of researchers in the field (Glynn, 1996). look for Questions and buttsThe primary objective of this dissertation is to stipulate an integrative view of organizational news show and provide some guidelines. For this purpose, this dissertation attempts to find out the antecedents and consequences of organizational wisdom and to test the proposed conceptual exemplification of organizational news. Related with this purpose, previous research shows some research challenges. The first of all challenge is to explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence. An integrative perspective of organizational intelligence is a necessity. It is also noted that there is a dearth of studies which attempted to explore the factor structure of organizational intelligence. Consequently, the other challenge is to test the proposed conceptual pretense of organizational intelligence. Previous studies did not show any such empirical finding on this issue.Therefore, the briny research aim is to find out the antecedents and consequences of OI and develop and test a model. This research has identified five important excogitations in identifying the antecedents and consequences of OILeadership organizational culture organizational intelligenceorganisational innovational capabilityOrganizational performanceThis research discusses the following research questionsRQ1. What is the factor structure of the OI construct?RQ2. To what extent does reach outership impact organizational intelligence?RQ3. To what extent does organizational culture impact organizational intelligence?RQ4. To what extent does organizational intelligence impact organizational performance via organizational innovational capability?On the basis of the above research questions following research objectives were formedResearch objective 1 (RO1)- To explore the factor structure of organizational intelligenceResearch Objective 2 (RO2)- To investigate the work of leadership on organizational intelligenceResearch objective 3 (RO3)- To investigate the influence of organizational culture on organizational intelligenceResearch Objective 4 (RO4)- To further understand the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational performance via organizational innovational capabilityResearch Objective 5 (RO5)- To assess existing models of OIResearch Objective 6 (RO6)- To develop a conclusive model of antecedents and consequences of OI based on the research findings and,Research Objective 7 (RO7)- To validate the model and test the hypothesesThe vith and seventh research objectives are the final output of this research, which attempts to develop an appropriate morphologic measurement model of antecedents and consequences of OI.Research scopeThis relation is aimed at investigating the antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence. In doing so, this thesis presents a model of antecedents and consequences of organizational intelligence (OI), based on the Kalkhan (2007), Falletta (2008) and Albrechts (2003) model and empirically test hypotheses. Th is model of OI was validated by a survey in an R D organization.An organization is regarded as a system of inter subjectively divided meanings sustained through social inter fulfill (Walsh and Ungson, 1991). Organizational intelligence emerges from those interactions that frame the organization. It is embedded in the structured patterns of thought and action in which organizational members interact and engage (Glynn, 1996). Technologically move on systems affect organizational intelligence as well. They enable the development of organizational intelligence (Huber, 1990 Leidner and Elam, 1995). Thus, organizational intelligence is more than the aggregate intelligence of organizational members it is the intelligence of the organization itself as a larger system. An unintelligent organization can be still of apparently intelligent people and an intelligent organization can be composed of relatively unintelligent components (Albrecht, 2003 Kerfoot, 2003). Organizations, as well as people, presentation differing degrees of intelligence. Differences among organizations intelligences are not related to the differences among the intelligences of organizations members only. Many factors such as organizational symbols, patterns of interaction, organizational culture, socialization processes and advanced technological systems influence the differences among organizations intelligences.This area has not been much explored and especially in India not much significant work has come into the light. Therefore, a strong need was felt to study this area as it seems to be very important in todays world. It has been found out that most of the works on OI are not empirically supported. Halal (1997) in his work stated that organizational intelligence leads to organizational performance. After the review of literature it was found that organizational intelligence is the factor which promotes knowledge management, creativity, innovativeness, performance and it helps organizatio n in achieving its goal. Therefore, after understanding its impact on other related OB constructs, it was closed that it deserves contrive attention.1.4 Significance of the ResearchAs already stated that there is a dire need of empirical investigations in the field of organizational intelligence because this is the factor which influences performance of the organization (Halal, 2000). This study tries to arrange the question that if the lack of resources and the overload of information are the problems, is intelligence the resoluteness to improve organizations?In the Knowledge Economy, the organization needs to develop and maintain supportive partnerships to get away with complex issues in uncertain environments, turning challenges into opportunities, anticipating and understanding emerging threats and retrieve from unexpected shocks and cries. In other words, in times of crisis and high scotch and social turbulence, organizations must show high levels of intelligence to meet the needs of the organizations.The ability to solve problems and make decisions, defined as intelligence, is the solution to improve organizations. This assumption is based on the conviction that the right answer to users need depends on directors ability to absorb what is happening in the environment and to correctly act on the generated knowledge. Rothberg and Erickson (2004) hold that intelligence, in all forms, comes from the strategical management of knowledge, understanding the environment within which knowledge is collected and used, and making the knowledge actionable, especially by strategic decision makers. Understanding of OI and its antecedents and consequences whitethorn immensely help the organizations and assist them in improving and achieving their objectives.Concept of OI has evolved and advanced a variety of practices and processes aimed at the creation and application of knowledge. However, scholars have been touch by, and practitioners have struggled with, th e lack of clear, comprehensive concepts that define the field of organizational intelligence (Staskeviciute, 2009). Ercetin (2009) holds that definitions of intelligence are in continuous revision. In particular, she finds that there is no unifying understanding of the concept of intelligence in management (Staskeviciute, 2009). Staskeviciute and Ciutiene (2008) conclude that in scientific literature it is possible to find different concepts of organizational intelligence, but they are all bounded by the same tout the organizations capability to adapt to environment and knowledge management, because organizational intelligence involves knowledge based on the organizations capacity.Organizational intelligence refers to the process of turning data into knowledge and knowledge into action for organizational gain (Cronquist, 2011). On a practical level, the CETISME cooperative (Cooperate to countenance Economic and Technological Intelligence in SMEs) has stated that consistently gett ing the right information at the right moment can only be the result of a permanent intelligence process tether to policy established at the highest level of the organization (2002).Cruz and Dominguez (2007) point out that the processes of perception, knowledge creation and decision making are favored by the proper management of information resources. The goal of OI is to interpret and act on relevant facts and environmental signals from the learning arising from acquired competences (skills +knowledge + attitudes). In general, the perception, interpretation, digest, integration and use of knowledge is related to OI. The central argument of this thesis is to identify the factors which lead to organizational intelligence and what are the resultant factors when organization is acting intelligently. In the moments of uncertainty, organizations must have high levels of intelligence to interpret, integrate, combine and filter the relevant knowledge.Intelligent systems depend on a struc tured network of estimable analyzers who crack cocaine their technical skill, knowledge, and personal experiences. They engage with the systems by validating information, discovering relationships between pieces of information and conducting analyses. In short, OI systems provide the pathways for knowledge to become intelligent, that is, actionable (answer so what questions and stay future-focused). They can also direct actions to acquire additional knowledge necessary to fill in the blanks. Full knowledge, with appropriate analysis, provided to the key manager at the right time defines how intelligence can extend and cherish the capabilities of organizational systems (Rothberg Erickson, 2004). Also, its significance increases when it is seen in the context of RD organization, as the people workings there are intelligent and knowledge workers, therefore, the relevance of this concept is automatically enhanced in such scenario, which this study tries to look into.Organization of the thesisTo describe organizational intelligence and identify its antecedents and consequences, this dissertation will follow the research procedure and structure as shown in Figure 1-1. It consists of six major parts (i) introduction, (ii) literature review, (iii) development of a priori framework and hypotheses, (iv) research methodology, (v) data analysis and research findings, (vi) discussion, and conclusion.The remainder of the dissertation is organized as follows. The following chapter surveys summarizes the related studies. It includes the relevant literature of organizational intelligence, empirical studies on organizational intelligence and its antecedents and consequences. In chapter 3, this dissertation proposes a conceptual research model, and explores the key variables and their relationships. In chapter 4, research methodologies are explained such as theoretical research approaches, design and administration of the survey. It also explains the sample and measures. Chapter 5 illustrates the analysis and summarizes analysis results. Chapter 6 extends with the explanation of the findings and tested model, it also discusses the contributions and limitations of the study and offer suggestions for future study.Table 1.1 Simplified Structure of the Thesis

Barcode Scanners and Smart Cards

Barcode S butt endners and Smart Cards entrywayIn an age of technological revolution, the apply of tuition establishments in computers has wrench essentially paramount and the overwhelming vast majority of major supermarkets planetary has become dependant on it, the consumer demands speed and convenience and the supplier has a strong emphasis on accuracy and providing those acquires that inevitably can non be displaced, whole to become better at the least, which has been happening through time. The consumer as hygienic as the supplier needs a method where a merchandise can be instantly recognised, and deliver an on the head price as well accumulate more than one fruit not to mention info that both parties can benefit from, and not to mention be rewarded for their homage in recognition of their custom. The use of engineering science in the line of work sector in the supermarket chain cannot be say such a name without such a constitution barg moreover this report is not to testify its perfection, simply more to exemplify its reliability, magnificence and future advancements.Why Barcode Scanners? wholly w bes to be sold in a supermarket has a barcode embedded on it NO exception, this resembles vertical black lines and a row of mos, a barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for variant the barcode printed on those surfaces, it is affiliated to a computer that indentifies what is being scanned and displays on privateness the study enclosed about that particular mental picture and number which is required in a store. The close common scanner used but not necessarily the best is laser scanners, that uses a beam to capture the image and process it. It is believed the essential reason for using a barcode scanner is blameless accumulation of multiple stages scanned.Barcode scanner are not limited to the cashiers segment for the sake of buying goods and but checking out, there are anti-theft devices on m whatever an(prenominal) superma rkets on the store exit, so if one were not to pay for an event, the anti-theft barcode subscriber would pick up an items barcode as unregistered on the infobase or simply put paid for.With todays advancements there are also self bridle spots were the consumer can simply scan the items themselves, so its quite limpid the wonders of barcode isnt quite going anywhere.Why Smart Cards?Smart separate in supermarkets usually are used as a loyalty scheme.A loyalty scheme is when the consumer gets points for purchases and gets rewarded with coupons or discounts for future purchases. In some cases you may have to reach a certain limit forwards you are entitled to use your reward.A smart card is akin a credit card in shape and its size, smart cards have an embedded microprocessor, and it is under a gold pad on the front of the card, although magnetic strips are still used and popular.It can store the consumers expand and products purchased if it were to be ready avail satisfactory . Having a smart card is facultative but it is beneficiary as you can forgather points, which pull up stakes be stored on the computer system. It also worth noting, not unless it gossips data into the smart chip as well as on the cardinal computer, it can also be edited, or certain numeric selective information deducted in others words points in exchange for rewardsThe scheme is more than undecomposed rewards and coupons, loyalty scheme can put themselves in a allow position of paying loyalty prices where as non member wont.An In-Depth look at Barcode Scanners in SupermarketsIn a world where shops, store and supermarkets stocks grow by products, it has become an increasing demand to keep the consumers happy, the need to understand what needs to be re installed and more appropriately when has become all-important(prenominal) for financial gain in the industry.Gone are the days where in the backroom of all timey item had to be manually counted, a waste of valuable time and ever so expensive. Even punch cards where the consumer had to mark an item they inadequacy to buy, did not exactly deliver convenience.Thankfully in the mid twentieth century the introduction of barcode devices came through. An idea of a device that can discern a product quickly and accurately became essential and when proven roaring it cannot be reverted, only made better, they are barcode scanners or readers.If no items for exchange in a supermarket carried a barcode, past scanners would be considered pointless. With this primary social function in mind, a barcode scanner does more than notwithstanding retrieve product information.An ExplanationA product carries a series of numbers, but what do these numbers mean?The first two digits implicate the country where the product was made.The next five digits implicate who made the product or what gildThe next five digits implicate the product itself. E.g. BiscuitsThe last digit is a validation number, to ensure the barcode scann er has read the code correctly.When a consumer is devising purchases, each items barcode that has been scanned is transferred from the POS (Point of Sales) terminal or in others words the laser barcode reader, and then passes on that information to the main computer.This computer has a substantially self-aggrandizing database that has all the information about the items the shop sells, every supermarket sets a mensuration in what information that needs to be extracted instantly at the POS which will be freshly displayed on the screen a quite perhaps another one so the consumer can be made clear on the prices, this is quite obviously the Price and the Description, this is added to the bill and also are ready to be printed at the finalisation stage.Barcode devices are more than unsloped retrieve information from a database according to the code it matches, according to its credit rating barcode scanners help the computer established what item has been sold or even returned, it helps the computer identify the quantity of stock remaining and possibly tremendous the manager what needs to be re clubed, this is called Automatic stock-taking. Supermarkets have multiple computers which is in a single room and have their own local are network, they control the stockTelecommunicationsIn means of telecommunications, the information stored on the computer, which was ancestral by the barcode system, it needs to communicate with another system to verify slew and notification of reordering. In certain cases this form of communication, is needed through a network using the internet, after the entire stock control department may not always be in the direct locality of the supermarket, so this is essential and plays a big part of the process.Businesses would be incapacitated without the current technological advancements and a lot of companies would cease to exist.Without the internet and transmission, the use of barcode equipment would be considered of useless, as it needs a form of electronic communication. evaluationThe use of barcode equipment has been firmly accepted by the supermarket chain as well as the consumer, its soundness can never be degraded or dwindle, only to thrive and become more advanced by the day. On the other hand nothing can be 100% effective are there are ups and downs to everything and the supermarkets information system is no different. From a supermarkets point of captivate what are the advantages and disadvantages?Supermarkets AdvantagesSpeed -to have a barcode scanned only takes a fraction of a sectionAccuracy with a ordinary laser scanner it the chances of a reading delusion is 1 in 70 millionConvenience No need for human tally or problems solving related to prices as the use of barcode and retrieve those behavior of detailsSupermarkets DisadvantagesUpdate prices needs to be updated via the database, if not it can shell confusion when advertising a special offer on display, as an information system has n o way of knowing of this adjustment.A force cut can give possible loss of dataIt would be very difficult to find additional disadvantages from a supermarkets point of view as it doesnt require special training to use one so it is pretty much immaculate.A barcode reader may be near to the supermarkets but what about the consumer?Consumers AdvantagesSpeed and efficiency when checking out itemsBecause prices are stored on a computer they can be reassured of accuracy whatsoever promotions or special offers will automatically be processed without the need to bring it to the cashiers attention.Consumers DisadvantagesA single item may accidently be scanned doubly without the consumers knowledge, a barcode reader simply scans a barcode and cannot identify human error under the circumstancesLike from a supermarkets point of view, the computer that stores the item information, cannot be aware of any price change unless updated, causing discommode to the consumersThe effectiveness of barc ode readers excluding minor human error can be exposit as foolproof and indispensable and the advantage significantly outweighs the disadvantages.Loyalty dodge Information SystemAs well as accessing and retrieving item details and prices, through a barcode reader and a loyalty card, another system is required to interrelate with what being purchased and have information about the consumer itself and be rewarded or identify purchasing habits to pass on to marketing or third part companies, this is not possible without obtaining the consumers details, preferences and permissions.What are the requirements to get this information and data?Each consumer is identified by a unique identifier number which is stored on the loyalty card itself but what is needed before being approved in a loyalty scheme?Consumers Name this is the most important as other information held is invalid without itAddress for eligibility of vouchers, points or discounts you mustiness provide a valid address, whi ch may carry a location restriction on who can applyGender in order for the supermarket to analyse shopping habits and patterns, they can observe a specialization between male and female and what appropriate promotions or recommendations that would suit them. market any communication external the supermarket between other companies and the consumer can only be made with the permission approved by the consumer him/herself before any details are passed on to relevant parties.Other Contact dilate this could be your telephone number or an email address, should they need to butt against you in regarding your purchases or any queries you have madeHow Does It Work?All information systems are connected via a network in order to communicate with each other, if one were to benefit from a loyalty scheme, it must communicate with a machine that holds prices and product information in order to calculate and analyse to make adjustments and process whatever advantage or accumulation the cons umer is entitled to.My ConclusionObserving supermarket barcode systems and loyalty cards from outside the box, before putting together this report, I possessed virtually no knowledge on the requirements and the consistency required in order for the phone line information systems to operate, it did not occur to me that human error can cause disruption from an otherwise fault free barcode system. I failed to recognise that information about consumers details and product information especially the price is connected via a network on separate computers servers not necessarily in the direct vicinity of the supermarket itself. I noted speed and accuracy is only dependant by people by half, and information processing is chiefly dependant on technology especially the barcode reader it self. One business owner cannot declare it a supermarket without these devices.Loyalty scheme carries a insidious objective many people may not be able to grasp, I did not realise that passing on your perso nal details is not necessarily used to reward for shopping with that particular chain, but also to analyse your spending and buying habits and with your consent send you information and offers relevant to this criteria which may appeal to the loyalty scheme member. If your details were passed on to marketing when you specified not to, I learnt you are doing more than just breaking the policy but you are breaking the law and the consumer can sue the company.I have learnt the complexity involved in making sure everything is kept up to par, and it required by human input to update necessary changes to the system.Consumers in general fail to recognise how important these devices are, and how they contribute to an easy experience, only the employees can benefit from something that simply cannot decline in time, only to develop better methods on a system that is established as a permanent component in the business.Bibliography unnamed (). Barcode Scanner Image. acquirable http//www.cres tock.com/image/839858-Barcode-Scanner.aspxAnon. (). Smart Card Image. Available http//www.crestock.com/image/133940-Online-Shopping-2.aspxAnon. (). ICT systems in a supermarket. Available http//openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/ mental imagery/view.php?id=182530.Anon. (). IT in Supermarkets. Available http//www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/vtc/ngfl/ict/wjec_ict/as_ict/ict_in_supermarkets.pdf.Anon. (). Supermarket. Available http//www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk/theteacher/gcse/newgcse/others/supermarket.htm.Anon. (). quintet Advantages of Barcodes. Available http//www.barcoding.com/information/learn_about_barcodes.shtml.Ayac, M (2008). Telecommunications are Very Important. Available http//www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/telecommunications-are-very-important-597736.html.Reynolds, T. (). history of Barcode Scanners. Available http//www.nationalbarcode.com/history-of-barcode-scanners.htm.Vermatt, S. C. (2007) Discovering Computers.Woodford, C. (2008). Barcodes and barcode scanners. Available http//www.explainthatstuff.com/barcodescanners.html.Images used was complimented as watermarked previewed from http//www.crestock.com and was available without the need for a license and for comprehension purposes

Factors That Influence Person Self Concept Sociology Essay

Factors That Influence Person ego Concept Sociology EssayI let been asked to reassess a occurrence study on Isaac Bar impression and Zac Barlow. In my assessment I shall include aspects that settled the br others ego creation. Also, I shall include an outline how these factors rump influence the growth of their egotism wonder. Finally, I shall include an explanation on how these factors give the sackful influence the ontogenesis of their ego apprehensionion.(P3) State factors that influence an individuals self-concept and give a clear and full(a) account of the factors that top executive moderate influenced the brothers self-concept.I shall state the factors that influence an individuals self-concept and I depart give a clear and full account of the factors that great power grant influenced the brothers self-concept. Factors that dirty dog influence an individuals self-concept are education, media, bearing, kitchen-gardening, insult, births, gender, income an d age. information facts of life ignore influence an individuals self-concept by having supportive teaching staff who continues to encourage a student to keep up the good work. Also, a nonher factor that house influence an individuals self-concept is the lack of oeuvre callable to having a poor education. Education open fire impact on a persons self-esteem if they fecal matternot get into employment and the person leave get a disconfirming self- emblem and low self-esteem.Media Media can influence an individuals self-concept through provision of educational sources such as, promoting enrolment on academic courses and information on current situation happening in our society. A further reason that can influence an individuals self-concept is dis simulated military operationing of images of models or celebrities organism underweight. For example, pictures of Victoria Beckham and Nicole Richie.Appearance Appearance can affect an individuals self-concept both constructively and harmfully. For example, appearance constructive influence will be pictures displayed by sports further individuals to keep up a healthy disembodied spiritstyle. Further to point, appearance can shake off a interdict influence on a persons life through advertising photos of underweight models and this can influence young women to fork up to holdm very thin.Culture Culture is a belief that you have or self values. This can influence our self concept if we do not endorse other individuals culture. Cultural diversity can have a positive influence if we embrace the differences of others, but if differences are utilize to discriminate against others, its harmful. Example req. Also, this can be the way you were brought up by your parents or a guardian.Abuse There are different types of abuse they are physical, emotional, neglect and shake upual. These or any type of abuse can be detri mental to a person, however, abuse can influence a person if they have been neglected and they will develop a low self esteem. In addition, a person has been neglected may flavor accessiblely excluded and may suffer from mental health conditions.Relationships Relationship can influence an individuals self concept if you do not have a supportive family, compeers. This will may lead the individual to have a negative self concept with heartyisation. Furthermore, having high expectations can besides have a negative self concept of an individual, additionally if the person has been compared to other peer pigeonholings or siblings can have a negative influence. sex Gender is characterised by organism a man or woman. This mixed bag can influence a persons self-concept of stereotyping job roles for both genders. For example, men should play football and women should stay at home and cook the meals also accommodate care of the children. Finally, I believe that these factors may influence an individuals self-concept everyone should be toughened equally regardless of their g ender.Income Income can influence individual self concept if they do not have enough income they may be hopelessness that they cannot collapse to live a normal life. For example, with insufficient low income a person cannot maintain their lifestyle factors, such as paying their rent, afford heating facilities within their home plus have a dimension diet.Age It can be said that self-concept can fluctuate passim different life stratums, for example. Also, age can influence a persons self concept during childhood and adolescent development. Through comprehending his ideal self receiving peer pressure.Self concept is the way an individual visualise them self. For example, self concept can be very influential in the way we instruct our self by receiving critical comments by peers or family member, which can draw low self esteem. Self concept is made up of factors such as self image, ideal self and self esteem.Haworth et al (2010) suggests that in that location are numerous factor s that can affect your self- concept. They are age, education, media, appearance, culture, abuse, relationships, gender, and income. These factors are also known as socioeconomic factors.(M2) Outline how factors can influence the development of an individuals self-concept, or Outline how the factors that influenced the brothers self-concept.(D1) Describe how the factors influenced the brothers self-concept.Factors that influenced Zac Barlow self-conceptAge During Zacs infancy years he was un adequate to distinguish what gender he was. During Zacs childhood years he was able to distinguish his family. During he was able to contain that he was a student and what year he was in inform and able to identify his likes and dislikes. He was able to tell who is friends were and express his emotions. During adolescent life stage he was able to compare himself with others and express his relationship with peers. Also, he was able to describe his beliefs and acknowledge what is right from wh at is wrong. During his adulthood life stage he should become more confident within his personal relationship and apply himself within a particular career.Appearance Zacs appearance seems to have been influence negatively, because he was not interested in sports. This may have squeeze on him because within the norms males are expected to do physical activities. Also, this will have an impact on his self esteem, although his self image talent be different on what others think intimately him. He may not feel attracted to form any relationship with the opposite sex at work because of his appearance. Moreover, his self concept may decrease due to how others perceive him. He had a very thin physique which might be an influence from the media. He may be affected by his appearance. His appearance may affect by how he attires or carries himself and called risible he may feel within his ideal self that he is gay. Also, hearing negative words all the time can take shape him believe wh atever they mimic him and this will lead to negative social interaction with his peers.Media The media may have an impact on how he feels about himself. Media may impact on his appearance. May has impacted the way he feels about himself or may have an impact on his image which may encourage him to keep his body built. Contribute to self concept development social, academic, emotional physical may impact on his appearance which is his ideal self. Media can also provide positive educational opportunities which can help to develop a persons academic growth.Culture He believes he was the norm. In the western culture boys meant to be masculine and girls meant to be feminine. His culture can be influenced by his family also by his peers. He did not have a girlfriend at school plus how he was brought up might impact on his self esteem.Gender He was male. He meant to have masculine physiques. He faces gender stereotype because he was not taking part in sport activity at school. Because of h is gender stereotype it decreases his academic performance at school. At a certain age people can identify or chose which group to follow so he hangs out with older boys.Education He was influenced by his parents to study because he did not have a choice. He was influenced by teachers, peers and parents to study. May start to compare himself with his peers including siblings. Receiving additional support from the school could help to develop his self concept. Being compared to other pupils or siblings can affect his views on himself. Been teased Zac may feel unwanted and be ashamed of who he is as a person and as a part of that he would have a low self esteem which he may possibly continue through to adulthood. This may also affect his relationships and employment prospects.Constant teasing can affect Zac overall mood and that is why he was unsociable. Because of this he may lose interest in sports activities and was able to image a relationship with older boys. He will also devel op mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. He may feel reluctant to try and build relationships with his peers. Being teased can also has a significant topic on his academic performance, reason being, he has been teased and this will make him divert from paying attention on his studies. This will have a result on his academic study by not do it into six forms or college.Also because he has been teased he did not want to take part in certain lessons. There is no indication of how long the teasing took place but there was speculations of Zac being bullied by his peers. Additionally, if he have been bullied this will show signs that his teasing was sledding on for a while then potentially lead to bullying.Furthermore, this will allow Zac to be in fear and have a negative self-concept about himself or have a negative self-image, self-esteem, self-value and ideal self. These mental scars can affect Zac in both past and present canalize and decrease his chance of academic and psychological hardship passim school and into adulthood.Income He was raised in a middle class family. So his parents had enough money to live an above normal lifestyle. Having brought up in a middle class family, would mean that some of his needs were financially. Also, been use to a lot of money during his development he may be used to materialistic things. He may influence to steal because he cannot afford his lifestyle needs which can have a negative self image.Relationship There are different types of relationships, which are family, mutual, ect. He did not have a good relationship with his peers because they taunted him. He did not have good relationship with school staff as he always gets into trouble at school He may introvert his social behaviour. He did not have a good relationship with his parents as he has been neglected and he would not speak to them. He did not have good social interaction with any of his peers family and staff at school. He develops relationship with older boys as they share same value this will strengthen his self concept and extrovert his social conduct.Abuse He was verbally abused by peers which will have an emotional impact on his self esteem. He was neglected by his parents, for example, his emotional needs were neglected. He may be abuse by the older boys which influenced him to smoke because he was vulnerable. He may be sterile because of his role of his gender, for instance, males meant to be muscular and females were meant to be gorgeous.Factors that influence Isaac Barlow self-conceptAge Isaac self-concept changes throughout his life.Age He is the eldest of his siblings.AppearanceMediaCultureGenderEducationIncomeRelationshipAbuseSelf-image this is how a person thinks about or see them self.Ideal self this is what you would like to beSelf-esteem this is how you value yourself. endpoint

The Mediterranean Climate in Modern and Roman Times Essay -- Roman Emp

The Mediterranean Climate in new(a) and Roman TimesFlorence, Italy lies in the Tuscan neck of the woods in the middle of the Italian peninsula, and is a part of the temperate Mediterranean humour region. Being in such(prenominal) a temperate zone delegacy that Italy is less subject to extreme climate change than other separate of the world. This does not mean that throughout recorded history the climate of the region has been static, however we can see many similarities between the climate like a shot and that of the time of the Roman imperium. H.H. dear describes a gradual global thaw in Europe leading up to AD (CE) 400. As he says, this is consistent with a rising sea level during the same end of time. We have evidence of Roman writers indicating that olive and the vine could be grown far north than earlier in Roman history (Lamb, 157). As those ii crops are very prominent cultural aspects of Rome, this is a very cultur everyy pertinent piece of evidence. Not only was this northern cultivation of olive and vine affirmable during Plinys time (1 st century CE), exclusively it is still possible now, as olives and wine are two very important split of Mediterranean culture. Ptolemy kept a weather journal in the 2 nd century, near the time of Pliny, which Lamb refers to, citing occurrence of rain in every month of the year except majestic, of thunder in all summer months, and in that days of great heat were commonest in July and August (Lamb, 159). This is still more or less true of the Mediterranean, particularly Florence. tu30.jpg go Lamb says that today the continual north and northwest winds off the sea in July, August lower the temperature, Ptolemy kept his journal in Alexandria, farther south than Florence. While Florence may not have expe... ...e had shifted dramatically south. Eventually, as we know, the Roman Empire fell apart and was unable to maintain its magnitude or its grandeur, and its haste is closely linked to climate change. The eco tone currently lies in southern France, where, as Fagan tells us, we can see the vegetation change from Mediterranean to temperate at heart a few meters. The trend today suggests thawing, but unlike in the high period of the Roman Empire, today a lot of this warming appears to be caused by human activity. Political trends show that an Empire of such magnitude as Rome would not be possible today, but undeniably the history of human life is tied closely to our climate. BibliographyLamb, H. H. Climate, History, and the Modern World. 2nd ed. London and New York Routledge, 1982. 156-170. Fagan, Brain. The Long Summer. New York Basic Books, 2004. 189-212.

Catalysts of the Industrial Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

The industrial Revolution was the major advancement of technology in the late eighteenth and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread to America.The acresal and national government helped the fall in States grow into a self reliant nation with improvements in transportation, technology, manufacturing and the growth of the population. American had an economy based on manual of arms labour which was replaced by one dominated by industry and the force of machinery. It began with the expansion of the textile industries and the development of iron-making techniques, and trade expansion was enabled by the entranceway of canals, improved roads and railways.Of one of the first to kick off, was the textile industry. Which helped Americna manufactoring. Hundreds of unseasoned women from farms were sent to mill towns to work in textile factories. In instrument C, Farm familys strive to get their daughters into mills to help support the family and the farm. As manufactoring gre w, transportation was key in connecting cities for trade. The rapid growth and development of the United States would ...

Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants :: Hills Like White Elephants Essays

In the story hills like white elephants by Ernest Hemingway, we read active two characters, a girl and an Ameri digest man. They live short conversations between them, and these conversations can hint of many clues about them and their relationship. In the story, we discover what the characters are like, through what they say, and also through the things they dont say.First, in the story, we commise stray that the American man has money, and he is an adult because he seems to be intimates what he is doing. He doesnt want to suck in a child. Therefore, he is asking his girlfriend to bump her life by having an abortion. The surgerys death rate was higher than its survival rate at that time. All this makes him very selfish, as well. He doesnt care about her, despite the fact that he says well, I care about you. (Hemingway, 255). He doesn?t even listen to her. She speaks to him, and he says some unrelated things back. We can assume that he always talks about drinking because he wa nts to get her drunk so she will accept the abortion. Also, we can earn from his comment ?I?ve known lots of people that have make it?, (Hemingway, 255) that he had too many relationships with teenage girls before, and he has been through the homogeneous situation nemrus times. Secondly, the woman, who is called the girl in the story, has no identity. We don?t know where she is from, or if she has a family. We can understand that she is a teenager who depends on a careless man. Furthermore, it?s clear from her words ?and if I do it you?ll be happy and things will be like they were and you?ll love me (Hemingway, 255), that she is a lonely desperate girl who still hopes for happiness. Nevertheless, she knows she will never have it. That?s why it?s obvious from her reply, ?I don?t care about me?, (Hemingway, 255), that she is depressed, and even ready to die by agreeing to the abortion.

Phonics vs. Whole Language Essay -- Philosophy of Language

Phonics vs. alone Language What is the best method for teaching children to read? This is probably not something that a lot of people think about on a regular basis. However, I think it is very significant to discuss the shipway in which children learn to read. rendition has become a very important element in our society. With the rapid advancement of America, having good recitation skills is ingrained to getting ahead in jobs and even in making dinner. Children are the future doctors, lawyers, and presidents of our country and I, as a future teacher, wouldnt compulsion to send children out into the world with poor reading skills. I excessively think it is important to discuss reading methods because I see, after doing an reference with a veteran teacher, that a lot of new and future teachers arent as intimacyable about different methods of teaching reading as we probably should be. I think that before beginning to discuss reading methods, we should first discuss what reading is. According to the International nurture Association, Reading is complex system of deriving meaning from print that requires all of the quest The development and maintenance of a motivation to read. The development of appropriate participating strategies to construct meaning from print. Sufficient background information and vocabulary to rear reading comprehension. The ability to read fluently. The ability to decode unfamiliar words. The skills and knowledge to understand how phonemes or speech sounds are connected to print. The article also states that a skilled beginning reading teacher is a maestro who knows what this definition means, can assess c... ...Karin L. and Patricia L. Scharer. Phonics Teaching and Learning in total Language Classrooms New Evidence From Research. Reading Teacher 53. 7 (April 2000). academician Search Premier. EBSCOhost. Camden Carroll Library. Morehe ad State University. 28 Oct 2003.Hammons, Karen. individualized Interview. 2 Dec 2003.Lawrence, Brenda. Personal Interview. 7 Nov 2003.Manzo, Kathleen Kennedy. Whole Language Lives. Teacher Magazine 10. 8(May June 1999) 11 13. schoolman Search Premier. EBSCOhost. Camden Carroll Library. Morehead State University. 28 Oct 2003.Pressley, Michael, et al. Learning to Read Lessons From Exemplary beginning Grade Classrooms. New York Guilford Press, 2001.Using Multiple Methods of Beginning Reading nurture a Position Statement of the International Reading Association. International Reading Association. Jan 1999.

Those Winter Sundays Essay -- essays research papers

Knowing Your FatherBeing a baby bird is one of the hardest tips in a persons support. They go finished doing all the wrong things in order to learn how to do the righteousness things, and then they socially develop into a sensible mature adult. During this stage of a young childs life, the roles of parenting are absolutely crucial and determine a childs role that he/she is going to play in society in the future. This is a crucial part of everyones life, they withdraw to learn what they are proficient at and what they are not good at. In the poem "Those Winter Sundays" by Robert Hayden, there is a thought that the narrator does not have a special bond with his tyro when he was a young boy, and that there is a sense of aid toward his start out. I feel that in order to grow up and be a morally strong-stable person, you need a well-built relationship with at least one of your parents, if not both. Which was more common back then than now. festering up in a very suburba n town taught me legion(predicate) things about being a boy and even further into my life as then becoming a young man. I pass most of my childhood days running around the desert with my motorcycle, equitation in the dirt track I had, or friending my father with some project that he had around the house or in the garage with the cars. I used to always come back to him with everything for help and the support that I needed. I would run up to the house, break his concentration, and he would come help me with whatever I needed help with. He al...

Careful Media Selection Contributes to a Successful Campaign for British Airways :: Business Management Studies

Careful Selection of Media Contributes to a Successful driving for British AirwaysWithin BA they understand that the most powerful peter to secure apersuasive nitty-gritty across is by and through media publicize, media ad allows BAs message to capture wide audiences dependingwhich suit of media it is. The media mountain contribute mass targetaudiences which is very useful for objectives like change magnitudecustomers and capturing wider target groups this means in some other wordsgetting BAs message across to wide range of the population.Depending on the attribute of media advertizing enables BA to getrecognized as well as lets the public know about their activities, but varied media has different set up and batch attract certain peoplethis means in other words the contribution of the different media hascertain results like for example when advertising in a sports magazinethe message gets to that magazines audiences which might be 18 35healthy living individuals. By using different and to a greater extent than oneadvertising media helps the company to attract different and widertarget groups, which go out then help them to get a successful campaignthrough effectively communicating to their target groups.There are different theatrical roles of promotement media that companies use to overtake to their customers and potential customers, each of thedifferent types of media has an advantage which can help promotionalcampaigns to be more accurate in getting messages across to targetgroups. The different advertisement medias are Newspaper advertisements this type of advertisement contributes toa campaign a clear message whether it is through an image or simpletext, it helps promotional campaigns to reach newsreaders depending onthe type of newsprint ( topical anaesthetic, or national). A local newspaper enablesthe BA to communicate to local residents readers this means in otherwords through local newspapers this advertisement method helps BAsprom otional campaign to get publicity within the city or localresidents. National newspaper like for example The Sun gets themessage across to wider readers across UK to work out BAs advertisement.Newspaper media advertisement attracts readers such as old(a)generation because they tend to read more than the younger generation. TV advertisement for BA this is the most effective way ofadvertisement and getting the message across to wider target groups,this methods contributes to the success of promotional campaign aoptical expression of BAs services by using colouring material and live motionadvertisement. This methods enables the individual person who iswatching a definition of the service that BA is advertising andvisual features which might be appealing. The different audiences canbe targeted through careful planning of what channel to advertise

Rider Haggard’s King Solomon’s Mines and Forester’s A Passage to India

passenger Haggards King Solomons Mines and Foresters A Passage to IndiaIn British imperial fiction, physical setting or landscape commonly plays a prominent role in the exchange thematic subject. In these works, landscape goes beyond an objective description of disposition and setting to represent a air of seeing- a way in which some Europeans consecrate represented to themselves and others the world about them and their relationships with it, and through which they have commented on social relations (Cosgrove xiv). By investigating the ways in which writers of colonial ficition, such as H. Rider Haggard and E.M. Forester, have employ landscape, we see that landscape represents a historically and culturally specific way of experiencing the world. In Rider Haggards King Solomons Mines, the landscape is gendered to show the colonizers ability to dominate over subjective territory. However, while the scenario of the male colonizer conquering a feminized landscape reinforces a legitimizing myth of colonization, it is later overturned by Foresters A Passage to India. In this novel, the landscape takes on a complex, multifaceted role, articulating the ambivalence of cross-cultural relationships and exposing the fragility of colonial rule. In contrast to King Solomons Mines, A Passage to India uses landscape as a tool to break dance the problematic nature of colonial interaction that might have well been left obscured and unackat onceledged. We can read the landscape as a suit of secondary narrator in A Passage to India that articulates the novels imperial ideology. The African landscape of King Solomons Mines is clearly feminized. The take account map shows that the geography of the travelers route takes the shape of a female bod... ...d the slant said, No, not there (Forester 362). We would expect that the structures of colonial rule, such as the put to sleep and the Guest House, would symbolically pull Aziz and Fielding apart. The p resence of nature, the earth, the horses, the birds, with the sky itself dictating that they cannot now be friends is a deeper form of rejection to the notion of cross-cultural relationships. The only hold we are left with is the skys qualification of the no not yet not there. Works CitedCosgrove, Denis. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. Madison, Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press, 1998.Forester, E.M. A Passage to India. London Harcourt, 1924. Ridger Haggard, J. King Solomons Mines, ed. Gerald Monsman. Ontario Broadview Press, 2002. Suleri, Sara. The Rhetoric of British India. gelt University of Chicago Press, 1992.